Nucleic Acids: Structure, Function, and Importance (Extended Overview) Nucleic acids are macromolecules that play an essential role in the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information. They are the fundamental molecules of life, as they encode the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. The study of nucleic acids is central to molecular biology, genetics, and biochemistry. The two primary types of nucleic acids, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), each have unique structures and functions, yet both are critical to maintaining the integrity and expression of genetic information. Structure of Nucleic Acids The structure of nucleic acids is intricate and highly organized, consisting of long chains of monomers known as nucleotides . Each nucleotide is made up of three components: A nitrogenous base : A nitrogen-containing organic molecule that forms the foundation of the nucleotide’s ability ...